A Guide To Foreign Research Reactor Spent Fuel
Washington DC: The Environmental Health Center, a Division of the National Safety Council, 1998. Presumed First Edition, First Printing. Wraps. viii, 54, [2] pages. Illustrations. Appendix A, B, and C. The National Safety Council (NSC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, public service organization promoting health and safety in the United States. Headquartered in Itasca, Illinois, NSC is a member organization, founded in 1913 and granted a congressional charter in 1953. Members include more than 55,000 businesses, labor organizations, schools, public agencies, private groups and individuals. The group focuses on areas where the greatest number of preventable injuries and deaths occur, including workplace safety, prescription medication abuse, teen driving, cell phone use while driving and safety in homes and communities. Following the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire in New York City, in 1912, the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers sponsored the first Cooperative Safety Congress, which resolved to “organize and create a permanent body for the promotion of the safety to human life in the industries of the United States." In 1913, the National Council for Industrial Safety was established. The name was changed to National Safety Council in 1914, to reflect the organization's expanded scope to include traffic and home safety. The NSC began producing posters, technical fact sheets, and other publications. In 1953, the U.S. Congress and President Dwight D. Eisenhower recognized the NSC’s efforts with a Congressional charter to: “...maintain the interest of the people of the United States... in safety and in accident prevention, and to encourage the adoption ... of safety methods by all persons, corporations, and other organizations. Research reactors (RRs) are used worldwide for activities such as the education of nuclear scientists and engineers, for general and refresher training of the nuclear power workforce, to produce medical and industrial radioisotopes, for silicon doping, to perform advanced fuel and material testing to support life extension of operating nuclear power plants (NPPs), to validate safety analysis design methods for new power plants, to qualify new fuels, and to validate modelling and calculation tools. RRs are also key tools in building and maintaining national nuclear capacity and achieving public acceptance of nuclear technologies . As of March 2019, there are 227 RRs operating around the world, with another 23 planned or in construction . An additional 136 RRs are in extended or permanent shutdown, or under
decommissioning. There is a clear and unequivocal understanding that each country is ethically and legally responsible for its own spent fuel and nuclear waste, as stated by both the IAEA, via the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management , and by the international nuclear waste disposal concepts summarized by the World Nuclear Association (WNA). Member States operating or having previously operated a RR (research reactor) are responsible for the safe, secure and sustainable management of associated radioactive waste, including RR spent nuclear fuel (RRSNF). This includes the storage and ultimate disposal of conditioned RRSNF, or the corresponding equivalent waste generated and returned following reprocessing of the spent fuel.
The main objective in managing and disposing of radioactive waste is to protect people, including future generations, and the environment. Regional or national laws and directives provide a regulatory framework for the management of spent fuel. The IAEA provides Member States with safety standards, guidelines and good practice examples to enable them to establish and maintain a responsible waste management program. Selection and implementation of the most appropriate nuclear waste management program can be very challenging considering the numerous elements and factors that must be addressed, such as technological feasibility, economics, social acceptance and environmental impact. The aim of this publication is to support RR operating organizations and Member States in developing a spent fuel management programme, including final disposal, that is sustainable, is secure , and complies with international and national regulations. One key challenge when developing general recommendations for RRSNF management options lies in the diversity of spent fuel types, locations and national or regional circumstances, rather than mass or volume alone, particularly since typical RRSNF inventories are relatively small. Presently, many countries lack an effective long term policy for managing RRSNF. A methodical review and compilation of technology options for RRSNF management is therefore needed. Condition: Very good.
Keywords: Nuclear Reactor, Research Reactor, Spent Fuel, Guides, Enriched Uranium, Transportation, Storage, Shipping Containers, Inspection, Labeling, Security, Radiation, Tracking, Emergency Response, Disposal
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